David M Friscia's Genealogy

• Data Access
  • Surnames Index
  • Individual Persons Indices
  • Corrections, Additions or Updates
  • Where To Write For Vital Records
• Territorial Expansion of the United States Of America
  • Territorial Maps
  • American Wars
• A Chronology Of Events Affecting Land Settlement In The United States
• Background
  • The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
  • The difference between an English Shire vs. County
  • Family Origins
  • 18th Century PA German Naming Customs
  • Naming Convention
  • Bibliography of Sources
  • Genealogical Society of America Reference Notes
  • Kinship of David Michael Friscia
• Family Photos

Data Access

Surnames Index
- Family Surnames in Database

Individual Persons Indices
- Individual Persons Index Pages in Database

Corrections, Additions or Updates Welcome

Where To Write For Vital Records

Territorial Expansion of the United States Of America

Maps serve as guides not only to the physical terrain, but also importantly as charts of the mapmaker's mental and cultural terrain of the memories and desires, anxieties and assumptions he projects upon any terra incognita.

Territorial Maps

• 1623-1674 New Holland

  New Holland consisted of settlements mainly along the Hudson, Delaware, and Connecticut Rivers, which today are parts of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Connecticut.

• 1637-1664 New Netherland

  Settlements on the South (Delaware) River ( aka New Sweden, New Amstel )

• 1750 European Settlements

  New France, New England, New Spain, and Native American Settlements

• 1775 Original Thirteen British Colonies

  Other British Claims, and Non-British Claims

• 1790 Thirteen States in Confederation

  Special Status Areas, and Foreign Claim Areas

• 1800 United States of America

  Special Status Areas, and Foreign Claim Areas

• 1810 United States of America

  its Territories, and Foreign Claim Areas

• 1820 United States of America

  its Territories, its Unorganized Territories, its Claims, and Foreign Claim Areas

• 1830 United States of America

  its Territories, its Unorganized Territories, its Claims, and Foreign Claim Areas

• 1840 United States of America

  its Territories, its Unorganized Territories, its Claims, and Foreign Claim Areas

• 1850 United States of America

  its Territories, its Unorganized Territories, its Claims, and Foreign Claim Areas

• 1860 United States of America

  its Territories, and its Unorganized Territories

• 1870 United States of America

  its Territories, and its Unorganized Territories

• 1880 United States of America

  its Territories, and its Unorganized Territories

• 1900 United States of America

  its Territories, and its Unorganized Territories

• 1920 United States of America

  its Territories

American Wars

• French and Indian War (1754-1763)

  The last of four North American wars waged from 1689 to 1763 between the British and the French. In these struggles, each country fought for control of the continent with the assistance of Native American and colonial allies.

• American Revolution (1775-1783)

  Conflict between 13 British colonies in North America and their parent country, Great Britain. It was made up of two related events: the American War of Independence (1775-1783) and the formation of the American government as laid out by the Constitution of the United States in 1787.

• Indian Wars (1754 - 1890)

  Colonial Period

  The earliest contacts between the European settlers and the Native Americans were, for the most part, peaceful. Trade was the principal interaction.

  Revolutionary Period

  When the American Revolution began, the British government and the revolutionaries sought to keep the Native American population neutral. Each side, however, soon began to recruit allies from among the Native American nations.

  The War of 1812

  Native Americans in the north and south were involved in the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States. In the Old Northwest, Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader, and his brother Tenskwatawa, known as The Prophet, urged Native Americans to return to past traditions and to repudiate the white-imposed concept that individual factions or tribes could sell the land that was a common heritage of all peoples.

  Native American Removal Policy

  The second major period of warfare between whites and Native Americans took place in the quarter century following the War of 1812; this was a transitional period dominated by the imposition and consequences of a new policy: the removal of Native American peoples to lands west of the Mississippi, referred to as Indian Territory.

  Wars West of the Mississippi

  From the 1840s to the 1880s U.S. forces fought numerous battles (usually small skirmishes) in an effort to clear routes west for white emigrants and to establish government control over the vast territory.

  The gold rush of 1849 brought devastation to the Native Americans of the Far West.

  The Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Sioux fought white encroachment on their territory in the 1860s and 1870s; the fighting was ferocious on both sides. Among all the battles, only the Battle of the Little Bighorn is well known: On June 25, 1876, much of the 7th Cavalry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer was wiped out by a combined force of Sioux and Cheyenne under Sioux chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

  The warfare largely ended with the massacre at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on December 29, 1890, when Sioux warriors, women, and children were slaughtered by the U.S. cavalry.

• Tripolitan War (1801-1805)

  Conflict between the United States and Mexico, lasting from 1846 to 1848. The war resulted in a decisive U.S. victory and forced Mexico to relinquish all claims to approximately half its national territory.

• Mexican War (1846 to 1848)

  Conflict between the United States and the North African state of Tripoli (now in Libya).

• Civil War (1861 to 1865)

  Military conflict between the United States of America (the Union) and the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy) from 1861 to 1865.

  Soldiers and Sailors System--(National Park Service-all soldiers, battles seachable)--VERY usefull

  Index of Civil War Information Available on the Internet

• Spanish-American War (April 25 to August 12, 1898)

  Brief war that the United States waged against Spain in 1898. Actual hostilities in the war lasted less than four months, from April 25 to August 12, 1898.

• World War I (1917-1918)

  Military conflict, from August 1914 to November 1918, that involved many of the countries of Europe as well the United States and other nations throughout the world. World War I was one of the most violent and destructive wars in European history.

  Although the United States initially remained neutral, it joined the Allies in 1917. The conflict eventually involved 32 countries, 28 of which supported the Allies. Some of these nations, however, did not participate in the actual fighting.

• World War II (1939-1945)

  Global military conflict that, in terms of lives lost and material destruction, was the most devastating war in human history. It began in 1939 as a European conflict between Germany and an Anglo-French coalition but eventually widened to include most of the nations of the world. It ended in 1945, leaving a new world order dominated by the United States and the USSR.

• Korean War (1950 - present)

  Civil and military struggle that was fought on the Korea Peninsula and that reached its height between 1950 and 1953.

  By early summer 1951 the war had settled into the pattern it would follow for the next two years: bloody fighting along the 38th parallel, most of it in trench warfare reminiscent of World War I (1914-1918), and tortuous peace negotiations.

  Perhaps even more so than World War II, the Korean War was responsible for establishing America's chain of military bases around the world and its enormous defense and intelligence system at home.

  Decades later, Koreans still seek reconciliation and eventual reunification of their torn nation.

• Vietnam War (1959 - 1975)

  Also known as the Second Indochina War, military struggle fought in Vietnam from 1959 to 1975, involving the North Vietnamese and the National Liberation Front (NLF) in conflict with United States forces and the South Vietnamese army.

  In 1965 the United States sent in troops to prevent the South Vietnamese government from collapsing. Ultimately, however, the United States failed to achieve its goal, and in 1975 Vietnam was reunified under Communist control; in 1976 it officially became the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. During the conflict, approximately 3.2 million Vietnamese were killed, in addition to another 1.5 million to 2 million Lao and Cambodians who were drawn into the war. Nearly 58,000 Americans lost their lives.

• Grenada Invasion (1983)

  U.S. efforts to contain revolutionary movements in the Caribbean Basin by President Reagan.

• Lebanese Intervention (April 1975 to October 1990)

  Lebanese Civil War, conflict from April 1975 to October 1990 pitting the many ethnic and religious groups of Lebanon against one another.

• Panama Intervention (August 1990 - )

  President George Bush decided to invade Panama, with the stated goals of arresting Ortega to face drug charges, of restoring democracy, and of protecting American lives. On December 20, 1989, U.S. troops invaded in the largest U.S. military operation since the Vietnam War (1959-1975).

• Persian Gulf War (1989 - 1991)

  Conflict beginning in August 1990, when Iraqi forces invaded and occupied Kuwait. The conflict culminated in fighting in January and February 1991 between Iraq and an international coalition of forces led by the United States. By the end of the war, the coalition had driven the Iraqis from Kuwait.

• Somalia Deployment (1993)

  While the starvation and chaos in Somalia were somewhat alleviated by major international intervention, the sad condition of the country was an illusion.

  Far beneath the surface of the tragic drama of Somalia, four major U.S. oil companies are quietly sitting on a prospective fortune in exclusive concessions to explore and exploit tens of millions of acres of the Somali countryside.

• Bosnia Deployment (1993)

  The UN undertook its largest peacekeeping mission in the former Yugoslavia in 1992. The effort involved about 40,000 foreign troops and cost about $1 billion annually. The mission focused on Bosnia and Herzegovina, a war-torn nation that emerged from the breakup of Yugoslavia. The mission was flawed from the beginning. The troops were not prepared for the conditions they faced. The UN sent lightly armed forces equipped for humanitarian operations into a war where one side had been identified as the main aggressor. The UN monitored numerous cease fires, which were continually broken. The peacekeepers could deliver aid to besieged cities only if they followed the terms dictated by the aggressors, and they were taken hostage on several occasions. In 1995 Serb forces overran the Bosnian town of Srebrenica, which the Security Council had declared a "safe area," without providing adequate troops to protect it. About 7,000 men and boys were massacred. Within months, the peacekeeping effort was disbanded and replaced by a more heavily armed force assembled by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a regional defense alliance of countries including France, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

• U.S.-Afghanistan War (October 7, 2001 - present)

  On September 9, 2001, pro-Taliban suicide bombers assassinated Ahmad Shah Massoud, the leader of the Northern Alliance. Two days later in the United States, terrorists hijacked passenger airplanes and deliberately crashed them into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, killing thousands of people. The U.S. government identified bin Laden as the prime suspect behind the attacks. Mullah Muhammad Omar, the supreme leader of the Taliban, refused U.S. demands that the Taliban surrender bin Laden.

  The U.S. government built an international antiterrorism coalition, securing the approval of many nations for a war on terrorism. American and British forces began aerial bombings of al-Qaeda camps and Taliban military positions on October 7. The Northern Alliance, meanwhile, continued its front-line offensive north of Kabul and other strategic areas.

  While the United States and Britain continued the aerial bombardment in November, Northern Alliance forces captured several strategic cities, including Kabul. In late November hundreds of U.S. marines landed near Kandahar in the first major infusion of American ground troops into Afghanistan. The Taliban surrendered Kandahar, their last remaining stronghold, by December 10. The U.S.-led offensive then focused on routing out al-Qaeda forces holed up in the rugged Tora Bora cave region of eastern Afghanistan, near the border with Pakistan. In March 2002 U.S. troops undertook a mission, known as Operation Anaconda, to clear Taliban and al-Qaeda forces from the Shah-i-Kot Valley, in the vicinity of Gardez in eastern Afghanistan. Meanwhile, the whereabouts of bin Laden remained unknown.

• U.S.-Iraq War (2003 - present)

  Military action led by the United States against the regime of Saddam Hussein, the authoritarian leader of Iraq. Announcing the beginning of the war in March 2003, U.S. president George W. Bush explained that the goals were to "disarm Iraq [and] to free its people." President Bush had threatened war for months, arguing that Saddam Hussein's regime posed a grave threat to U.S. security and peace in the region because of its alleged pursuit of weapons of mass destruction.

  The conflict began in March 2003 when U.S. and British forces (and smaller numbers of Australian and Polish soldiers) invaded Iraq. The major fighting ended about three weeks later after U.S. troops entered Baghdad and toppled the Hussein regime. The military campaign was short and one-sided, but hard fought.

A Chronology Of Events Affecting Land Settlement In The United States

USA Land Ownership Events

Background

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles

The difference between an English Shire vs. County

Family Origins

The Big Three ecclesiastical bodies (Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed) forthrightly denied all other religious groups the right to exist within the (Roman) Empire, and the citizens of each local district were forced to join whichever church was recognized by the local nobility, an administrative carry-over from the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. It is not over-simplification to frame the position of the Big Three churches to all other groups as: "Convert, leave, or die."

'PALATINATE'
Etymology: Middle English, from Latin palatinus imperial, from palatium

1. a : possessing royal privileges
   b : of or relating to a palatine or a palatinate
2. a : of or relating to a palace especially of a Roman or Holy Roman emperor
   b : PALATIAL

Powers For Life - that is, the powers of the royal palace, which included the right to establish a 'palatinates' own chancery or civil service, and also a 'palatinates' own courts, to try civil and criminal cases.

My Arney Family Origins

German Palatine and Pennsylvania-Dutch Ancestry

The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)

Swiss Moravian Community (Brethren)

18th Century PA German Naming Customs

Please Note: The naming convention I have adapted is to Americanize.

• Given Name: universal. In most of Western culture, the given name precedes the family name; other cultures place it after the family name, or use no family name.
• Patronymic: the given name of a relative, usually the father or mother, or a name derived from this. Many family names are derived from patronymics.
• Family Name: compulsory in the West, at least for past 300 years or so. Before that people were called (Given name) of (place of birth).
• Middle Name: least common

Be careful: look for the 'Name - diff spelling' tag for each family. id.

• Adkins is the Americanization of Adkinson, etc.
• Arney is the Americanization of Arne, Earney, Erne, Arny, Erny, Erne, Aerni, Arni, Arny, etc.
  There are 2 different Arney Family Groups in this database!
• Atwater is the Americanization of Attwater, etc.
• Bales is the Americanization of Beals / Beal / Beall / Bale, etc.
• Claiborne is the Americanization of Clyborne / Claybourn, etc.
• Conkling is the Americanization of Concklin / Conklin / Conkleyne, etc.
• Cook is the Americanization of Cooke, etc.
• Conrad is the Americanization of Kunders / Cunraeds / Conrads, etc.
• Cremean is the Americanization of Crimine / Cermine / Cremeans / Carmines / Carmean / Cremeens / Cromeans
• Fulk is the Americanization of Volck, etc.
• Haggard is the Americanization of Hogard / Hoggard / Hogart / Hoggart, etc.
• Holly is the Americanization of Holley, etc.
• Osborne is the Americanization of Ozbun / Osborne / Ozburn, etc.
• Ratcliff is the Americanization of de Ratcliffe / Radcliffe, etc.
• Spainhour is the Americanization of Spanhauer / Spainhoward / Spoenhauer / Spenhower / Spoonhour, etc
• Stafford is the Americanization of de Stafford, etc.
• Vanderford is the Americanization of Vandervoort / Van Der Voort / Vanderveer, etc.

Please Note: When you research the database 'source#39; references for individuals you will find different documents spell Family Surnames differently. See note above.

Genealogical Society of America Reference Notes

Links to Collateral Family Sites

Kinship of David Michael Friscia

Family Photos

Family Photographs & Maps